Learning Tools Study Documents Writing Guides About us FAQs Our Blog Citation Generator Flash Card Generator Login SignUp. Those living in early 20th Century America determinism essay hardly recognize life in America and the basis for this change has to be attributed to technology. This perspective can be understood as arguing that one's motivations and decisions are inherently based on biological principles food, sex, survival and that there… References: Pereboom, D, determinism essay. Why Nature and Nurture won't go away. References Gouras, M. Devices and Childhood Obesity Interventions Words: Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Thesis Paper :
Related categories
Home — Essay Samples — Philosophy — Philosophical Theories — Determinism. We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. Essay examples. The Philosophy of Determinism determinism essay words 3 Pages. Abstract Do we have free will? Determinism essay this essay, there has been given a brief explanation which is about the Freedom of the will, determinism essay. Analyzing some of the written works associated with Freedom of will, we will sort out the things that have not been Determinism Free Will. It is human nature to want to explain the unexplainable, to understand how and why things happen.
Theories ranging from topics of evolution to dark matter to cognitive behavior look to explain how aspects of the world function. Similarly, geographers look to understand exactly how Determinism Theory. Humans have struggled with the concept of freedom and free-will since the Stoic philosophers debated the nature of being. There are Progressing Through our Ability to Think Today, in an age of mass communication, determinism essay, social media and portable technological devices, are we the sole creators of our own thoughts and actions, determinism essay, or are we produced by society and others? According to John Hospers, there are always There exists an ambiguity between determinism and free will.
Determinism can be defined as the predetermined future that results from the inevitable plans of a divine being or powerful natural forces. In this argument, humans are simply dominos in a chain of events, determinism essay, waiting to Feeling stressed about your essay? Starting from 3 hours delivery. Just Society Essays Ethics Essays Meaning of Life Essays Enlightenment Essays Allegory of The Cave Essays Time Essays John Locke Essays Aristotle Determinism essay Acceptance Essays Confucianism Essays. Top 10 Similar Topics Philosophy determinism essay Education Individualism Just War Theory Humanism Empiricism Environmentalism Functionalism Natural Law Pacifism Existentialism. Got it. Haven't found the right essay?
Get an expert to write you the one you need! Get your paper now. Professional writers and researchers. Sources and citation are provided.
essay on advertising
Abstract Do we have free will? In this essay, there has been given a brief explanation which is about the Freedom of the will. Analyzing some of the written works associated with Freedom of will, we will sort out the things that have not been Determinism Free Will. It is human nature to want to explain the unexplainable, to understand how and why things happen. Theories ranging from topics of evolution to dark matter to cognitive behavior look to explain how aspects of the world function. Similarly, geographers look to understand exactly how Determinism Theory. Humans have struggled with the concept of freedom and free-will since the Stoic philosophers debated the nature of being. There are Progressing Through our Ability to Think Today, in an age of mass communication, social media and portable technological devices, are we the sole creators of our own thoughts and actions, or are we produced by society and others?
According to John Hospers, there are always There exists an ambiguity between determinism and free will. Determinism can be defined as the predetermined future that results from the inevitable plans of a divine being or powerful natural forces. Despite their tremendous impact on the human thought and perception on nature and human nature, Christianity and religious faith in general has also played an important role in actually limiting the influence of Greek thought in our society. Christianity and free will being brought into this dialogue, it became more and more complicated to accept determinism and its explanations, for example. Overall, however, one can appreciate the fact that the Greek thought made its…. Bibliography 1. Plomin, R; McClearn, G. Nature, Nurture and Psychology.
Pinkar, S. Why Nature and Nurture won't go away. Daedalus Fall. Lipara, R. Gender Nature and Nurture. Free Will Views of Chisholm and Ayer Determinism vs. Libertarianism Contrasting the Free Will Views of Chisholm and Ayer Contrasting the Free Will Views of Chisholm and Ayer The philosophical dissection of the concept of 'free will' necessarily requires defining causality and the criteria that can influence causation. Towards this goal, the views of two philosophers who take opposing deterministic and libertarianism views will be presented and analyzed. The possibility that a person's internal state of mind doesn't play an influential role in events is inconsistent with what I believe. Chisholm and Ayers on Free Will The concept of free will or freedom necessarily invokes a consideration of causation.
Chisholm's view on causation, as interpreted by Feldman and Feldman , requires an explanation of the criteria surrounding causality that Chisholm termed 'conceptual primatives' Section 6. The first primitive concept introduces causal contribution. For example if a train is late event…. References Feldman, Richard and Feldman, Fred. Roderick Chisholm. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Alfred Jules Ayer. The origin of causal necessity. Journal of Philosophy, 56, Determinism, Compatibilism, Libertarianism Contemporary philosophical debates about free will can frequently resemble the old parable of the blind men and the elephant. Various blind sages are asked to examine an elephant: one grabs the tusk and declares the elephant is very like a spear, another grabs the tail and says that the elephant is like a rope.
In the case of free will debates, we witness various schools of thought groping around a central question. Determinists examine free will -- the human capacity to choose a course of action from different ethically-weighted possibilities -- and decide that every cause has a prior cause, and thus free will is a myth. Libertarians examine free will, and decide that determinism is a myth. Meanwhile compatibilists examine determinism and libertarianism and find some middle route whereby the two possibilities can be made consistent with each other.
In this paper I will examine the…. Determinism and Sociology For as long people have been aware of their own consciousness we have struggled to comprehend the mysterious factors which determine human behavior. Varying schools of thought have been originated within the realms of sociology and psychology, with each adhering to its own interpretation of why the human system naturally organizes itself in the manner it does. Each of these behavioral theories inevitably derives its inspiration from the prevailing social and scientific attitudes of the era from which it was conceived. The theory of biological determinism, for example, is closely linked to the advent of genetics and our growing understanding of the role that genes play in human development. Proponents of biological determinism attribute the entirety of human behavior to the inexorable influence of DNA and genetic makeup.
From one's personal taste in music to their level of athletic ability, the foundation of biological determinism is a…. References Giddens, A. Social theory and modern sociology. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Universoty Press. Ritzer, G. Sociological theory. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Darwin and Determinism All theory is against the freedom of the will; all experience is for it. Samuel Johnson James Boswell's Life of Johnson Are we the conscious authors of our actions or do our actions happen to us? A casual discussion of this critical question quickly deteriorates into an abstract metaphysical argument between determinism and free will and settles nothing.
Instead of opposites, the experience of conscious will and psychological determinism can both be understood as evolutionary adaptations which function in tandem to promote the fitness of the individual. In Michael use's Darwin and Determinism a biology-based discussion of evolutionary thought is presented and its implications on humanity's notions of free will. use's major thrust is to present his perspective on biology and teleology. This perspective can be understood as arguing that one's motivations and decisions are inherently based on biological principles food, sex, survival and that there…. References: Pereboom, D. Living Without Free Will. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Sharpe, K.
Biology Intersects Religion and Morality. Biology and Philosophy. Skinner, B. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillian, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Therefore, probabilism is more about making an informed and educated choice based on the realm of probabilities available. Probabilism brings with it the theory of prediction, and also positivism, with which it is closely associated. However, probabilism is always referred to as being the half way point between determinism and possibilism. Herein lies the basic difference between the two theories. There can be no doubt that several more theories related to these theories will emerge soon, and perhaps these would explain human behavior in a more succinct and terse manner.
eferences Banning, Carolyn S; Banning, James H. References Banning, Carolyn S; Banning, James H. Blair, Alasdair; Hitchcock, David. If we assume that 1 and 2 are true, then hard determinism is valid. Free will then is only an illusion that man perceives as a result of the complexity of all interacting cause-and-effects. Although he thinks he has possible courses of action, his final choice has already been the sum result of these interacting variables. However, if either 1 or 2 is false then it breaks down the whole concept of hard determinism. This paper further argues that 1 and 2 are both false. First, the cause-and-effect concept is only a human phenomenon. What we know as science is only a generalization of seemingly regular and repeatable events.
For example, Newton's laws of motion had been considered the only way of explaining the movement of planets, stars, and galaxies. This generalization has been accepted for hundreds of years. However, Einstein's theory of relativity has shown inconsistencies in Newton's explanation…. Bibliography: Wikipedia Contributors Absolute Determinism Questions about place and role of reason puzzle generations of philosophers as they are among the fundamental questions of philosophy. In case it appears that everything is planned and all events are mutually connected it may witness for the divine origin of the universe and man.
Laplace proposed the theory of absolute determinism which stated that every process which took place in the universe had a reason so that the next or previous stage of this process could be predicted and described in the absolute form. Determinism of Laplace had a lot of strong points at the time when he developed this theory. First of all Laplas was a mathematician and physicist and the principle of sufficient reason corresponded to all dynamic processes he studied: motion, oscillations, etc. This principle laid in the fundamentals of classic mechanics and was applied for any dynamical system on the hand with….
Reference: Laplace, Pierre Simon A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities Dover Publications hen Edith harton tells us that "it was the background that she [Lily] required," we understand that both Emma Bovary and Lily have a very important thing in common. They are first of all women in the nineteenth century society, fettered by social conventions to fulfill any kind of aspirations or ideals. A woman, as it is clearly stated in both novels, had no other means of being having a place in society than by acquiring respectability and money through a good marriage. To marry was the only vocation of a woman, as harton tells us. Of course, there interferes a great difference between the two heroines here, because Madame Bovary, as her very title proves it, is already a married woman, while Lily in harton's book is in constant pursue of a redeeming marriage.
But, essentially the frustration of the two heroines is the same, as Emma is as…. Works Cited The American Experience: Andrew Carnegie- The Gilded Age. PBS Online. Byatt, A. Scenes from Provincial Life. The Guardian. July, 27, Cahir, Linda Costanzo Solitude and Society in the Works of Herman Melville and Edith Wharton. New York: Greenwood Press, Deppman, Jed. Oct However, a determinist theorist could argue that given the wage inequity between the genders, women who turn to prostitution may do so due to the lack of professions that pay good wages for female employees.
Drug use is another issue that generates much debate. Rational choice theorists often follow the "Just say no" route, and that drug addicts should be penalized for violating the law. Determinists, on the other hand, point out that laws vary by society, and that the laws prohibiting marijuana use only reflect the values of a select elite. Rational choice theorists may also condemn people who commit euthanasia, whether or not the act was committed with a patient's consent. However, determinists would look more into the situation. Was the patient terminally ill and in pain? Was there consent?
These questions will help a determinist in evaluating whether or not a crime has occurred. Ekstrom The greatest strength of the concept of free will is that it allows evil deeds to be explained as poor conceptions of a weak human mind. The individual abilty to learn and become a greater agent of responsibility seeks a concept of free will to explain how this can be done and with good reason. The individual has no reason to express learning and to grow from human ideas and actions if he or she is resolved to live with a predetermined set of consequences and actions. As man's ability to reason is what is said to seprate us from animals then "free will" becomes and essential aspect of the equation.
hy exactly is it important to so many of us whether or not we can be self-directed, not just politically but also metaphysically? In certain philosophical contexts, such as some discussions of the problem of evil, the…. Works Cited Ekstrom, Laura Waddell. Free Will: A Philosophical Study. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Free Will" New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia Online. Kapitan, Tomis. Robert Kane. New York: Oxford University Press, Kane, Robert, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Environmental determinism relies on the importance of the physical environment around the individual in relation to that individual's behavior.
Applying the ideas of environmental determinism to serial murder means that one would believe the physical environment of a murderer would be the most influential factor which determines them to kill. However; this more generalized theory does not fully account for why a murderer would commit mass or multiple murders. ather, like many other generalized theories attempting to explain seemingly senseless violence, it just poses a theory for why individuals would be driven to kill in the first place. The trauma-control model, formulated by Hickey, gives a more in depth look at why individuals would turn from murderers to serial murderers.
According to this model, individuals can harbor intense feelings of depression and rejection. As these feelings are amplified throughout life, that individual's tendency to engage in abnormal behaviors would increase. References Egger, Steven. Serial Murder: An Illusive Phenomenon. Praeger Publishers. Purcell, Catherine E. The Psychology of Lust Murder: Paraphernalia, Sexual Killing, and Serial Homicide. Academic Press. Geographic Determinism on the Course of Historical Events Historical studies often highlight the qualities or actions of specific civilizations, or focus on the choices and errors of a certain significant personality.
Sometimes, however, the real determining factor with regards to events in history is basically a nation's geography: the climate, the mountains, the rivers, and other elements of terrain. This historically themed paper will focus on nature itself - revealing the role of land layout on some among history's most significant outcomes. Social scientists maintain that the development process has to be derived from civilizational dynamics that have shaped particular geographic areas and their peoples. Thus, from the social perspective, the development process is evaluated within and across various civilizational "ecumene" of the world. In this context, ecumene refers to an area of continual cultural exchange and interaction Woods, Analysis of Geographic Determinism on the course of historical events….
References Coombes, P. Environmental determinism in Holocene research: causality or coincidence? Area, 37 3 , Cramb, AW n. A Short History of Metals. html Diamond, J. New York: W. Easterly, W. Ethics and Public Policy Ethical Dilemma This paper discusses the application of the major ethical theories of consequentialism utilitarianism , deontology, and virtue ethics to a specific policy question, namely how to improve the nutrition of the nation's poor and to reduce the rise in food insecurity. It also discusses the implications of ethical theories such as determinism and moral relativism.
First, the theory is discussed in the abstract, followed by an exposition of how the theory relates to real-world practice. The paper concludes with a more general reflection on the implications of ethical theories for public policy-makers. The specific merits of virtue ethics are stressed vs. The more extreme and polarizing views of deontology and consequentialism. An ethical dilemma: Food insecurity One of the dilemmas facing public policy-makers regarding food insecurity and the need to improve the diet of poor Americans is the balance between individual liberties and the need….
References Athanassoulis, N. Virtue ethics. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Deontological ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Enlightenment Baruch Spinoza believed that humans' actions and activities are not based on free will, but rather humans are moved to action and thought because he believed that nothing happens by mere chance. His rationale for believing as he does is the basis for this essay. Free Will vs. Determinism A review of what Spinoza believed is not the easiest thing to accomplish since some of what Spinoza puts forward is seemingly esoteric to the lay person or student engaged in research.
But in researching Spinoza's philosophy, looking carefully at his positions, one can come to understand basically why he did not believe in free will. He believed that God, and God alone, is free to make decisions and to act according to His free will. Since God is Nature, and Nature is God, and therefore everything that exists on Earth are there because God decided, of His own free…. The following incident is being used as a metaphor for Spinoza's ideas. He believed that everything in nature takes place by necessity and mankind is part of Nature. Thousands of tons of wet earth roared down into the village with no warning, but that disaster was determined by Nature. The land didn't decide it would suddenly give way and hurtle down upon the village.
In fact, the logging around that piece of land took away the roots of trees that otherwise would have kept the hill in place. And the river below was known to be cutting into the hill, eroding important features of the land -- a definite determination that led to the horrific event. Moreover, the heavy rains in Washington State leading up to the collapse also determined that the land would give way. So, if one can see the hill as a human entity, as part of Nature that has intelligence which may seem to be a stretch, but it does have value as an example , that entity did not have free will to decide when it would slide down into the village.
The existing Natural World realities determined if and when it would roar down into the village. In conclusion, humans governed by determination, and not by free will. One's will is not put into motion by a decision one makes, but rather one's will acts out of necessity which has been predetermined by God, or Nature, which is also God, according to Spinoza. In other words, there are no should have arguments or could have arguments, or ought to have done arguments in terms of why an action or activity or decision was performed. That is because the behavior in question was externally or internally caused by the person who could not possibly have acted other than the way he or she did.
Yet, when you go beyond the generalities, it is obvious that this a taking a one size fits all approach when it comes to society. However, the pessimists argue that such thinking does not take into account how various experiences and personal relationships will determine someone's morals and values. This is troubling because when you apply such thinking to the person who committed the act. They can be able to claim that they are excused from the different forms of punishment, because they qualify for a special consideration. Then, once someone breaks various laws you are allowing the special considerations to give them the…. Bibliography Determinism. The Trial of John Hinckley. html Linder, D. The Trial of John Hinckley Jr.
html Strawson, P. Freedom and Resentment. Ethics in Law Enforcement Ethics are what almost anyone would define as a person's determination between what is good or bad, or more accurately what is right or wrong. Although many of these attitudes can be a product of parenting or other factors in one's maturing environment, ethical decisions could also be a product of environmental factors that are outside of the control of individuals. It is difficult to determine where a person's ethical code, but some professions demand an ethic that is not needed elsewhere. One such profession is law enforcement. Officers of the law are called upon to "stand in "harm's way" not so much against enemies with bullets, but against enemies skilled in every form of trickery, deceit, feigned ignorance, and deception" Stevens, Because of the environment that they must exist in, police officers are constantly deciding whether to make the right decision or take the….
References Gilmartin, K. Law enforcement ethics: The continuum of compromise. htm Russell, B. Determinism and morals. From The Elements of Ethics. Indeterminism: Causation and conditionals, ethics and history of philosophy, primer on determinism. html ixzz16cFBtAvu Stevens, M. Police deviance and ethics. Free Will A friend of mine has just offered to give me a well-written paper that he wrote for a philosophy class. It just so happens that the paper topic is just like the one I have been assigned in my philosophy class. His paper got an "A," and I know that he has not sold this paper or posted it on his blog. The chances of my being caught, therefore, are nil. Moreover, I am very busy and because I am distracted, it is unlikely I will do a very good job on my philosophy paper.
If I turn my friend's paper in as my own, I will get a good grade without doing much work. I still took the class; I am still learning. This would just alleviate my stress. However, after some deliberation I decide that I will write my own paper. I was tempted, but I…. The popular media's negative coverage of the insanity defense in contested cases when a defendant claims not to have the rational capacity to commit a crime or has a diminished capacity to conceptualize a criminal intent has caused the public to dismiss forensic psychiatry as providing rationalizations or excuses for bad behavior, rather than possessing a real scientific method.
The use of the insanity defense is clearly subject to sociological and societal factors, such as the statistically greater willingness to believe a man who kills his child is competent vs. A woman. However, the authors contend that this ignores the many cases where the defense and the prosecution both agree that the criminal in question was not competent and was operating upon a different schema of 'reality' that affected his or her ability to judge circumstances in the same fashion as a sane person. It might be argued, in the…. Airs, Waters, Places A close reading of "Airs, Waters, Places" by Hippocrates will show that it was the first instance of climatic environmental determinism.
Climatic Determinism is based on the idea that the climate, the natural resources, and the land itself determine the nature of the habitants which includes the physical nature, the cognitive ability, the moral compass, ethnical-being, intellectual being, etc. Climate determines the physical nature and then the intellectual being of individuals living on the land, which in turn forms the culture of the group. It has greatly contributed to the development of the "Greek vs. Barbarian Antithesis" and the development of racism. However, how would culture affect the argument?
Would the culture itself also influence the characteristics of the people on the land? We will examine these questions as well as how absolute the cultural determinism is in Hippocrates and whether or not is permeable, that is…. References Adams, Francis, ed. org, 17 Oct. edu, The indetermistic coin-toss can plausibly be seen as the essential foundation of your pronouncement; however, it is not under your command. Theories and Critiques of Determinism To begin with, I visualize that when it comes into a man's intellect to carry out or not to carry out some firm deed, if he has no point on purpose, the responsibility of it or refraining automatically follows the current consideration he had of the first-class or wickedness corollary thereof to him.
As for illustration, in abrupt antagonism, the deed shall pursue the deliberation of vengeance; in hasty fear, the contemplation of fleeing. Besides while a man has time to plan, however plans not, for the reason that by no means whatever thing appeared that possibly will make him qualm of the end result, the act follows his estimation of the integrity or mischief of it. These proceedings I entitled intentionally my Lord;…. Media How Technology Shapes Society A society is a conglomerate of people who, for some reason, are throw together in a particular bounded region.
The group has to make laws that will govern their actions and they also determine how they will live together in the most productive manner. But, there are events and devices that some say can change the way this group of people behaves and what laws they will make for one another. For example, an early hunter-gatherer society subsisted on what they could kill and find. Then someone invented the hoe, and they became cultivating societies Keel, This meant that the people did not have to roam so far afield to find they needed to exist. Thus they could stay closer together and build up societies. Small events sometimes shape great changes in society without the people within the society realizing that the invention will…. References Anderson, P. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 4 , Beals, G. The biography of Thomas Edison. html Carlson, W. Edison, his managers, and the cultural construction of motion pictures," in W. Bijker and J. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, pp. Chandler, D. Technological or media determinism. Technology has certainly had an impact on the history of man. Not only have the devices and processes that have emerged from advancements in technology had their effect so has the relationship of technology to politics, economics, science, and the arts.
Technology has affected how man interacts with man and as history is a record of man's interactions with each other technology has affected history. Not surprisingly, historians have adopted different approaches to examining the effect that technology has on history. Essentially, two approaches have emerged to dominate the field: technological determinism and social constructionism. The essence of technological determinism is that it is the introduction of new technology changes society and that these changes are often unexpected. For example, proponents of technology determinism would argue that the introduction of printing changed society from one driven by oral communication into a society driven by writing and literacy or that the….
Critics of technological determinism have gained recognition in recent years. Their chief argument is that such approach is far too simplistic and ignores the interrelationship between society and technology. In response to these criticisms has emerged the social constructionism approach. Social constructionism views technology as developing in response to societal needs but it cautions the observer to take a critical stance toward how one understands or view the world. It warns that one should be suspicious of assumptions and how the world appears. In applying such theory to history, social constructionists see that how matters develop during a specific period are dependent on the social and economic circumstances in existence during such period.
In understanding history, therefore, it is important to understand the factors affecting society at any given moment in time and that it is a combination of relative factors that determine how history develops as opposed to the simple introduction of new technology as the technological determinists would argue. Which approach provides a clearer and more accurate understanding as to how technology impacts history is difficult to assess. As with all theories, there are compelling arguments on both sides but as one examines how rapidly society has changed in the past two centuries it is difficult to argue that technological determinism does not have the stronger position.
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution and the multitude of ways that such technology changed society and affected how individuals interacted with one another and continuing through the various major technological changes that have occurred since technology has seemingly been the driving force behind societal changes. As society changes, so does its history. How different would the world be today without electricity; atomic power; computers; or the internet? As technology has changed so has society. Those living in early 20th Century America would hardly recognize life in America and the basis for this change has to be attributed to technology. It would appear that the technological determinists have it right.
History Technology. Another important aspect of observational learning is retention. For effective classroom management to take place it is important the students understand and retain the few classroom management rules that will be set out in the beginning of the year. aise hand to speak Treat others with respect If you don't know then please ask The retention factor with regard to classroom management will be reinforced each time the students witness another student having to suit out for five minutes of recess because they failed to respond appropriately to the clapping signal for attention.
In addition we will have a weekly short discussion about classroom rules and why they are important and how the students can help themselves and each other to remember what they are. The production step in the path to observational learning with regard to effective classroom management will be easily found in the response of the class…. Statistical Data Included Child Study Journal Houseal, Ana Self-efficacy, standards, and benchmarks as factors in teaching elementary school science. Journal of Elementary Science Education Newman, Jean in the Trenches: Increasing Competency of Teachers-in Training by Having Them Conduct Individualized Interventions. Journal of Instructional Psychology. hat is needed, then, is a concept of free will that can effectively counter the claims of naturalists that there is no physical basis for free will.
It requires a different kind of free will that permits moral responsibility to be leveled squarely at the individual without ignoring the reality that sometimes there are external causes to internal decisions. In fact, some philosophers have even used the conceptual tools of the naturalists to make the argument that free will can exist in a deterministic world. Daniel Dennet argues that the deterministic universe provides the reliable framework of reality by which informed, individual choices can be made Bailey par. ithout some determinism in the universe, it would be impossible for free will to functionally exist, because no one would ever be able to make a rational choice in a purely chaotic world.
So free will requires some level of determinism. Works Cited Bailey, Ronald. Clark, Tom. D'Holbach, Baron. Louis P. Frost, S. Basic Teachings of the Great Philosophers. New York: Anchor Books, Narrator In many ways, the literary movements and philosophies of determinism and individualism are opposites of one another. Determinism is one of the facets of Naturalism, and is based on the idea that things happen due to causes and effects largely out of the control of people and that choice is ultimately an illusion.
Individualism, however, is widely based on the idea of free will and the fact that people can take action to control their surroundings and their fates in life. Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie provides an excellent example of determinist literature and is based on the critical ideas of amorality and environmental factors controlling a person's fate, while Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an example of individualism and illustrates the idea that a person can take action to make his or her own fate. Dreiser's work chronicles the rise to wealth and social prominence of…. Works Cited Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. txt Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Moral Luck" by admitting defeat: he informs the reader that he will be assessing "a fundamental problem about moral responsibility to which we possess no satisfactory solution" The problem is essentially one about ethical judgment, and he begins it with an illustration from Kant.
Kant's view of the ethical will, in the quotation offered by Nagel at the outset, is one in which goodness is not determined by "what it effects or accomplishes or because of its adequacy to achieve some proposed end" In other words, goodness is to be located in process, rather than in results. The reader may find it ironic, then, that Nagel begins his paper by promising us no solution whatsoever -- in his critique of Kantian ethics, Nagel seemingly requires the reader to measure Nagel's own work as a philosopher by the Kantian criterion, of admiring Nagel's will to philosophize without judging him…. Works Cited Nagel, Thomas. Reason and Responsibility.
Belmont: Wadsworth, If all of the events the world could be understood by examining a mathematical model, if there was essentially no free will on a macro level -- probably very little would be changed on a micro level. Even today, people are more and more aware of how genes affect their emotional behaviors and physical health, and how economic and social circumstances shape their character. Yet they still approach the questions of their daily lives as if they have freedom of choice, and the criminal justice system has been loathe to refuse to punish people, simply because of defendant's unavoidable previous circumstances.
Politicians pass legislation that suggests human behavior can be changed, such as anti-smoking laws. Even if determinism exists on a 'macro' level, on a 'micro' level the perception of choice prevails and that is how we behave -- hence the timelessness but also the futility of Max's quest. Dee: The Shape of Things, a play by Neil LaBute, A expands on the central themes of society's distortional emphasis on appearances, and art as a potentially limitless and human-sculpting instrument. Linearly structured in three acts, the plot closely follows the problematic evolution of a student couple from a Midwest university. Starting as a discrepant match, Evelyn and Adam develop an oddly unequal relationship, as the former increasingly impacts major changes in the apparel and psychological onset of her partner, who complies with every single suggestion out of innocent devotion.
The public clarification scene from the third act has a great potential for theatricality due to the fact that it comes across as a bitter surprise and a ruthlessly planned humiliation, yet admittedly it challenges the cultural and ethical boundaries concerning art and the human being as object for art. The reason why a large part of the audience exhibits…. References Allen, James Sloan. Antakyalioglu, Zekiye. The philosopher argues that no matter his final decision, its character will be a determined one. If he does not jump, it is because he wants to live and in this will to live we can read the instinct for survival, which is a print that has been put unto us by nature.
If he decides to jump in order to prove his total freedom, his action will be equally determined by the need to demonstrate something. This latter need is another characteristic that the individual was not born with but probably acquired during his life. A man who commits suicide may be considered man and madness can be connected to passions and not reason. However, no matter if one is a slave to his reason or to his passions, he is still a slave. Happiness on the other hand is another concept which we all build in time, according…. Nonetheless, this does not make philosophy any less important in the field. Philosophy today can be seen as a manifestation of the workings of the human mind, while psychology studies the mind itself.
Philosophy is therefore a very important aspect in helping the psychologist understand the human mind. Philosophy is indeed responsible for the birth of psychology as a discipline in itself, as mentioned. While the early philosophers, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, are responsible for many of the ideas in both philosophy and psychology today, the 17th century philosopher ene Descartes is known as the "father of modern philosophy" Consciousness 9. All these philosophers made a specific point of studying what it means to be human and conscious. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung built upon the work of all the above philosophers in order to develop his theories of the conscious and the….
References Consciousness: Section PS13D Holism, Reductionism and Four Theories: John B. Watson; B. Skinner; Jean Piaget; Gestalt Psychology Nature vs. Nurture: Psychology Recitation Section T54B, Fall Psychological Assumptions of the Cognitive Revolution: Psychology Recitation Section T54E, Fall Starting from 19th century psychology, school of thought of behaviorist shared commonalities and as well ran concurrently with the 20th century psychology of psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements, however it was different from Gestalt psychologists' mental philosophy in significant ways. Psychologists who had major influences in it were Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. atson, they opposed method of introspective and advocated to use of experimental methods: Ivan Pavlov, investigated classical conditioning, but he was not to the idea of behaviorists or behaviorism: B.
Skinner, he did his research on operant conditioning. During second half of the 20th century, it was widely eclipsed that behaviorism was due to cognitive revolution. Even though behaviorism as well as cognitive schools of psychological thought tends to disagree in terms of theory, they have gone a head to compliment one another within applications of practical therapeutic, for example, cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown utility in treating some…. Work cited Arntzen, E. On misconceptions about behavior analysis among university students and teachers. The Psychological Record, 60 2 , Chiesa, M. Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science ISBN Claus, C.
Skinner and T. Whitehead: A brief encounter, research similarities, Hawthorne revisited, what next? The Behavior Analyst, 30 1 , And Lattal, K. Radical behaviorism and Buddhism: complementarities and conflicts. The Behavior Analyst, 31 2 , Technology and Social Change The Industrial evolution completely changed the way that human beings live and work. Before the Industrial evolution, society was dominated by agrarian economies. The Industrial evolution created a new way of life in which an increasingly large percentage of the population either owned or worked in factories involved in mass production. Populations became increasingly concentrated in urban areas; fewer people worked on farms or owned farms. Instead of making their own goods and services, people now bought the majority of the items they needed in stores.
The current Knowledge evolution is technologically driven, just like the Industrial evolution. It is fueled by the Internet and radically expanded accessibility of information to everyone who has an Internet connection. In some ways, like the Industrial evolution, it is extremely democratic -- just as many people made their fortune through capitalism, the knowledge economy of World Wide Web has…. References Gouras, M. Bulking up for a hardware battle. Los Angeles Times. Societal Collapses Environmental determinism has long been out of favor among historians and social scientists, although well into the 19th Century even the majority of Westerners were highly dependent on the climate and environment for their survival.
Since the entire world economy was based on agriculture, a shortfall in harvests meant famines, epidemics and death for those who were at or below subsistence level. Such famines were a primary cause for the overthrow of the monarchy in France in , for example, and they led to rebellions, riots and instability wherever they occurred. As late as the s in Ireland, the great potato blight led to the death or immigration of half the population, and the near-destruction of Irish society. In the case of Easter Island, Norse Greenland and the Classic Maya civilization, climate change combined with deforestation and agricultural practices that destroyed the environment led to the total collapse….
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed Penguin Books, Demarest Arthur A.. Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Cambridge University Press, Fagan, Brian M. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History Basic Books, Gill, Richardson B.
No comments:
Post a Comment