References Carson, R. References About the ITU. html Polgreen, L, malaria essay. The company obtained sanction from the U. The indicator I selected is "reported malaria cases" and it is defined as the "total number of reported malaria cases during the given year" Data malaria essay Gapminder World, Viola and Carolyn Margolis, Seeds of Change Washington, D.
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Malaria Prevention Among Children in Africa The objective of this study is to examine malaria prevention among children in Africa. Malaria is the third biggest killer of children on a global scale and is a disease that is completely preventable and treatable, and according to UNICEF this makes all deaths due to malaria unacceptable, malaria essay. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread, to people through bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, malaria essay are referred to as malaria vectors known to bite primarily between dusk and dawn. Four parasite species that result in malaria in humans are the following: 1 Plasmodium falciparum; 2 Plasmodium vivax; 3 Plasmodium malariae; 4 Plasmodium ovale.
WHO,p. References Africa: Adopting an Integrated Approach to Malaria Control All Africa Global Media. The Carter Center 24 Apr html Malaria World Health Organization. Jan Malaria essay Bites Human. Mosquito Dies. The Malaria essay York Times. efore this, malaria took place mainly in much the Western states of the Sub-Sahara Africa Mark, For several decades, malaria has malaria essay war as a basis of human anguish. Over the preceding many decades it has taken away lives of millions of human beings, as well as, shattered the potency of hundreds of millions other human beings.
It carries on to be an arduous nuisance on man's efforts to move ahead his farming and business. These were the view of one of the Malaria essay senators during the 's. Since this account approximately four decades ago, it has continued to be considerably suitable even today. Malaria has only lately been surpassed by another disease called AIDS. Malaria is the second largest solo malaria essay of loss…. Ethical debate: doctoring malaria, malaria essay, badly: the global campaign to ban DDT. British Medical Journal, J Doctoring Malaria, Badly: The Global Campaign To Ban DDT.
British Medical Journal, Arrow Kenneth, Claire Panosian, Hellen Gelband. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance. National Academies Press. Anne Platt McGinn. Malaria, Mosquitoes, and DDT, malaria essay. World Watch, v15 no3: In the earlier times, malaria was a big issue in the North America, Europe and some areas of northern Asia, malaria essay. The geographic distribution could still be offset by the shift in population mobility and climatic changes. Plasmodium falciparum is the most dominant species in the world while the P. Malaria essay dominating the sub-Saharan region of Africa, and P. vivax found in the other remaining regions according to Parasites and Health. However, the last malaria essay have a tendency of overlapping in their geographic distribution and they are at times very difficult to distinguish.
egional within U. In the U, malaria essay. The malaria predominance is along the border points and the entry points into the U. As earlier noted, malaria essay. These are cases that are detected among the travelers returning from the malaria prone areas like Africa and Malaria essay Asia as the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly eport10 noted. However, most of the cases…. References 1. Medical Dictionary. Malaria: Definition. Accessed April 6, Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria in the Malaria-Endemic World. Challenges in the response of public health in this area includes the following: 1 a lack of medical records or documentation of predeparture therapy; 2 Limited Medicaid reimbursement for therapy and follow-up care due to the lack of documentation; 3 Difficulty in securing the appropriate treatment since Malarone is not on the FDOH, malaria essay.
A formulary; and 4 Initial difficulty in locating a Kirundi interpreter for the interviews. Epi Update, VI, malaria essay. Bibliography Azarian, Taj; Kay, Robin S. Epi Update. The Malaria essay Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology. January Breiger, Bill IRS in Uganda malaria essay a Call for Monitoring Resistance 21 June Indoor Residual Spraying. Malaria Matters. Online available at. Malaria -- a New Cause for Concern? Malaria has long been thought of as the bane of travelers to and residents of the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe alone. According to the Center for Disease control, every 30 seconds in Africa a child dies of this disease.
But will global warming made this formerly prevalent illness resurgent in the United States? Works Cited "Malaria: Home Page. Retrieved 21 Apr at. This article reportedly provides malaria essay general overview of the current status of prevention treatment in sub-Saharan Africa and assesses whether intermittent preventive treatment in infants would be an effective form of malaria control. Part of the goal of this project was to provide information to decision makers regarding an effective tool to remediate the epidemic conditions of malaria in the region. In order to locate this article, I used the search terms malaria and Africa and filtered for full text peer reviewed articles published between and Other headings that may be relevant to my research include "The transit phase of migration: circulation of malaria and its multidrug-resistant forms in Africa" by Caroline Lynch and Cally oper, and "andomized controlled trials of malaria intervention trials in Africa, to a descriptive analysis" by Malaria essay Lutje, Annette Gerritsen…, malaria essay.
Malaria essay Carneiro, I. Intermittent preventative treatment for malaria in infants: A decision-support tool for sub-Saharan Africa, malaria essay. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, malaria essay, 88 11 Lutje, V. Randomized controlled trials of malaria Intervention trials in Africa, to a descriptive analysis. Malaria Journal, 10 1 Lynch, C. The transit phase malaria essay migration: Circulation of Malaria and its multidrug-resistant forms in Africa. One agent often used to help treat the symptoms and invasion of malaria currently is "quinine" and is effective when used early in the disease process Kiple Proposed Development of Vaccine Against Causative Agent Development of a vaccine against the causative agent will involve assessment and calculation of risk and current environmental exposure to the causative agent Eisenberg et malaria essay. At present anti-malarial inoculations and medications are available in limited quantities to humans traveling to regions where malaria is prevalent Eisenberg, et al.
A proper vaccine will investigate further the exposure "scenario" and "transmission models" and aim to strengthen individual's immune systems, among populations most at risk for exposure to the Pathogen, as at this time it is virtually impossible malaria essay eliminate the Pathogen entirely Eisenberg, et al. esearch previously conducted suggests in those with strong immune system, exposure to low dose microorganisms…. References Eisenberg, Joseph, Brookhart, Alan, Rice, Glenn, Brown, Mary and Colford Jr. Disease Transmission Models for Public Health Decision Making: Analysis of Epidemic and Endemic Conditions by Waterborne Pathogens, malaria essay.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Ethiopian Mothers Treat Malaria Effectively at Home. Journal of Environmental Health, Hass, CN. Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: a comparison of alternative methodologies. American Journal of Epidemiology, Malaria: An Epidemiological Overview Malaria essay Environmental risk factors Because of malaria's mode of transmission through Anopheles mosquito bitesit is an almost exclusively tropical disease. For example, at temperatures below 20°C 68°FPlasmodium falciparum which malaria essay severe malaria cannot complete its growth cycle in the Anopheles mosquito, and thus cannot be transmitted" "Where malaria occurs," But where the parasites can complete their growth cycle, malaria essay, wherever the Anopheles mosquitoes can survive and multiply, malaria essay, so do incidents of the disease.
Prevalence and intensity is highest where the mosquito can breed year 'round in regions nearest the equator -- particularly in sub-Saharan Africa "Where malaria occurs," In some tropical and subtropical countries, prevalence has been reduced because the disease cannot be transmitted at higher altitudes, during colder seasons, malaria essay, malaria essay deserts mosquitos prefer malaria essay climatesand also because of government mosquito control programs "Where malaria occurs," References Driss, A. et al. Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria. Malaria essay Journal, Retrieved from:. Though Malaria has been eradicated in some parts of the world, especially developed countries, malaria essay remains a significant public health concern across the globe.
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American Journal of Epidemiology, Malaria: An Epidemiological Overview Distribution: Environmental risk factors Because of malaria's mode of transmission through Anopheles mosquito bites , it is an almost exclusively tropical disease. For example, at temperatures below 20°C 68°F , Plasmodium falciparum which causes severe malaria cannot complete its growth cycle in the Anopheles mosquito, and thus cannot be transmitted" "Where malaria occurs," But where the parasites can complete their growth cycle, wherever the Anopheles mosquitoes can survive and multiply, so do incidents of the disease.
Prevalence and intensity is highest where the mosquito can breed year 'round in regions nearest the equator -- particularly in sub-Saharan Africa "Where malaria occurs," In some tropical and subtropical countries, prevalence has been reduced because the disease cannot be transmitted at higher altitudes, during colder seasons, in deserts mosquitos prefer humid climates , and also because of government mosquito control programs "Where malaria occurs," References Driss, A. et al. Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria. Malaria Journal, Retrieved from:.
Though Malaria has been eradicated in some parts of the world, especially developed countries, it remains a significant public health concern across the globe. According to the World Health Organisation WHO , there were million malaria cases and , malaria deaths globally in alone. Though the incidence of malaria morbidity and mortality has reduced over the years, these statistics are undoubtedly troubling. References Groepe, M. Health promotion: from malaria control to elimination. The South African Medical Journal, 10 , Hansen, S.
MAP-IT: A practical tool for planning complex behaviour modification interventions. Health Promotion Practice, 18 5 , Hemingway, J. Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS Biology, 14 3 : e Kumar, S. Health promotion for global health. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37 1 , Obi, L. Malaria kills over 50 in two weeks. Daily Nation. html Shretta, R. The economics of malaria control and elimination: a systematic review. World Health Organisation. Infectious Disease and Nursing Interventions: In the past few years, the world has gained more awareness regarding health conditions, especially in light of the numerous changes in the environment that cause changes in the microbial population.
While the awareness has increased, there are some infectious diseases that have become common in today's world. Actually, these diseases continue to spread rapidly throughout the world, which necessitates global surveillance for the emerging infections through public health initiatives. The need for increased global surveillance in public health is attributed to the increased health risks caused by changes in microbial population and the probable impact of these infections. Generally, an infectious disease is defined as a communicable disease whose main cause is a biological agent like bacterium, virus, and parasite. Consequently, this kind of disease basically requires a biological agent and a transmission mode. An example of an infectious or communicable disease that is….
References: "Nursing Care of Malaria Patients. Pocket Guidelines for the Care of Malaria Patients. pdf "Water-related Diseases" World Health Organization. Malaria isk Factors Malaria, as Viewed through the Expanded isk Factor Model Malaria is caused by infection of red blood cells by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale and transmitted from human to human by the vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, according to the information provided by the U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, a. The ability of the female Anopheles mosquito to thrive in proximity to humans, in addition to the presence of the malaria parasite, therefore determines the prevalence and incidence of malaria infections CDC, b. The only exceptions to this rule is when malaria is transmitted from human to human through pregnancy or exposure to biological substances, such as during a blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or drug use requiring the sharing of needles.
These latter modes of transmission occur rarely, however, therefore the vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, plays a dominant role in determining…. References CDC. Malaria: Biology. Retrieved from. Epidemiological Study on Influenza Malaria The study hypothesized that in a population with high risk of developing complications, there is bound to be a high incidence of severe cases and lethality of type A influenza Lera et al. The study population is the children attended to at the University Hospital Vall d'Hebron which is a third-level center in Barcelona. The facility serves a population of 45, and attends to patients up to the age of 16 years.
The study included all patients seen at the pediatric emergency room between July 1st and December 31st of who were suffering from clinically suspected influenza type A H1N1. The patients had to meet the criteria for microbiological study according to the Departament de Salut of the Generalitat de Catalunya protocol. The patients had to have travelled to an epidemic region or come into contact with a confirmed case in…. References Lera, E. Cebrian, R. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with influenza A H1N1 attended to at the emergency room of a children's hospital. European Journal of Pediatrics, 3 , doi: Malaria Outline I. Introduction A.
Overview of disease pathology B. History of the disease in tropical climates and elsewhere II. According to the CDC , travelers who have not developed partial immunity, children, and pregnant women are most vulnerable to malaria. Why did you choose this community? Malaria affects some of the poorest communities in the world. Precautions can be taken to curtail its spread. What types of disparities do they face? Poverty B. Lack of education C. Lack of access to healthcare V. No cure exists for malaria. The local population can benefit from a public….
References Malaria. html Malaria prevention. aspx Prevent malaria. Poverty and Malaria in Angola Angola is a country on the southern West coast of Africa. Its capital city is Luanda and it recognizes half a dozen national languages though its native language is Portuguese. It achieved independence from Portugal in and consists of over 1 million square kilometers. Its population according to the census was 24,, people. Angola has rich natural resources, from diamonds to oil and wildlife. Today it has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and the fastest in Africa Angola Financial Sector Profile, The indicator I selected is "reported malaria cases" and it is defined as the "total number of reported malaria cases during the given year" Data in Gapminder World, The trend of reported cases shows a sudden spark from to from 1.
References Angola Financial Sector Profile. html Data in Gapminder World. Trading Economics. html Polgreen, L. Angolans come home to negative peace. According to the CDC, United states was once a malaria-endemic country until when malaria was eliminated in the country. Currently, approximately 1, cases of malaria and five deaths are reported annually in the US mostly by returning travelers Ramasamy, Globally, malaria is widespread in over countries mostly the less developed tropical areas of Asia, Latin America, and Asia. It is estimated that malaria kills about 1 million people annually in Africa alone. There are about to million cases of malaria reported annually and approximately 90 percent of these cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa.
Although malaria is treatable and preventable, it still causes significant mortality and morbidity with the highest number of cases being reported in resource poor-regions and amongst young children. The contributing factors for malaria are mostly dictated by social and economic reasons. In most instances of malaria infection, the people infected are mainly…. References Pimenta, P. Villegas, L. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1 , Ramasamy, R. Zoonotic malaria—global overview and research and policy needs. Frontiers in public health, 2. Zurovac, D. Nyandigisi, A. PLoS ONE, 9 3 , e Treatment of Malaria Halliday and her team studied the effect of intermittent screening and treatment or IST on malaria among young students in a low-to-moderate transmission setting in Kenya.
The main goal of the study was to improve the volunteer children's cognitive development and overall health. Specifically, it aimed at determining the benefit of alternative therapies against malaria and the impact of adjusting treatment to the intensity of the disease, which are not adequately explored Halliday et al. The intervention was conducted on a group of 5, school children in government primary schools in Kenya from to Halliday et al. They were selected at random from 5 classes and then followed up for two years. Once a year, public health workers screen the children with rapid diagnostic tests or RDTs whether they had symptoms or not. Those found positive for the tests were treated….
A et al. Assessment of malaria in vitro drug combination screening and mixed-straw infection using the malaria sybi green I-based fluorescence assay. Impact of intermeittent screening and treatment for malaria among school children in Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Project Abstract The aim of this project is to come up with a group of healthcare providers that will carry out medical caravans, particularly visiting villages in located in Niger whereby women are actually the most affected by CVD Cardiovascular Diseases as well as SRHR sexual reproductive health and rights. Our team will conduct screening for HIV, CVD, diabetes, malaria, hepatitis and hypertension. We will also offer medical consultations and provide health education together with evidence-based treatment.
The race between new drugs and new resistances has not stopped since then And in , WHO's expert panel concluded that a magic solution could not be relied upon, and that furthermore, malaria patterns were determined by a variety of socioeconomic as well as biological, climatic and geographic factors. where people in the Bomet district were dying at a rate of three or four a day This article refers to some significant economic aspects and to the way that the high rate of malaria infections is affecting the economy of Kenya, as well as other countries in the region. References ALAII J. Malaria: Africa's Public Enemy No. Retrieved November 4, , from Questia database:. Prevention methods, combined with education have been shown to effectively prevent malaria and this is good because, the infrastructure of poor nations is often inadequate to care for those who do fall ill.
Many malaria treatment medications are very expensive, where legitimate non-counterfeit remedies can be found. In many of these nations the problem is perpetuated by counterfeit drugs, which sap family resources and do little if anything to remediate symptoms. In fact the presence of these drugs may even worsen the problem by creating drug resistant strains, as many counterfeit medications have been shown to contain only minute amounts of the anti-malarial pharmaceuticals and therefore expose the parasites to amounts that simply allow them to adapt, rather than eradicating them in the human body.
According to the Kaiser foundation, researchers claim that the wave of counterfeit anti-malarial drugs has reached industrial levels, meaning that the drugs are being produced…. Along with India, South Africa is perhaps the most prominent country using DDT that has large developed populations. Neither country has reported negative consequences, and many thousands of lives have been saved in both cases. Ultimately, the use of DDT as a combatant against the spread of malaria has wide-ranging benefits that far outweigh the side effects. Carefully tracking the trajectory of DDT's history demonstrates that most developed nations, including the U.
Their subsequent ban of DDT and the imposition of economic restrictions by the United Nations upon countries still using DDT represent a selective memory at best. The actions of developed nations regarding DDT could also be considered a hypocritical thought process. egardless, malaria continues to pose a substantial threat to many countries, mostly in Africa. Only closed-mindedness…. References Carson, R. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. Cooperative Actions to Achieve Malaria Control Without the Use of DDT. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. Should DDT Continue to be Recommended for Malaria Vector. Africa so Poor? Why is it that Africa, despite the aid and help and support that she gets from different sources all over the world, is still very much impoverished and in a state of poverty even now?
It is a fact that this continent has been availing of outside help and has also been a site where numerous large-scale experiments have been performed over the years in order to improve and reform its economy for its innate betterment, but it has still remained in the same condition in which it has been existing all these pats few centuries. The truth is that none of the above experiments have been able to succeed in achieving a sustained and continuous economic growth in Africa and this has also led to the astonishing fact that most African three dozen nations are, today, even poorer than they were during the 's.
It is…. Bibliography African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programs for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation. htm Accessed on 28 February, Africa's Development Crisis. htm Accessed on 28 February, Basu, Anupam; Calamitsis, Evangelos A; Ghura, Dhaneshwar. Promoting Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Monetary Fund. August This is particularly the case in sub-Saharan Africa where clinicians have often come to rely on signs and symptoms alone to make diagnoses. In the case of the African nation of Mozambique, which perhaps can be understood as a case indicative of the environmental assessment one would find throughout Africa and therefore, can be labelled to be a median statistical nation.
A nation representing the median would indicate that half of the population nations that are categorized as resourced deficient, half would be above Mozambique in terms of resource allocation and half would fall below. References Chappuis, F. Options for Field Diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, January , p. African Journal of AIDS Research , Copyright NISC Pty Ltd. Blood Safety PPT. CDC, WHO Loefler, I. Surgical wound infection in the Third World: the African experience. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Volume 47, The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Given a mosquito's vastly shorter life span, preventing the spread of the infection to more human hosts greatly reduces the number of viable parasites in existence CDC For one thing, viruses are not truly alive, and this makes it difficult to kill them. They are essentially packets of genetic information in tough protein shells; there are no real biological mechanisms for medicines to disrupt. In addition, the virus' use of host cells as reproduction sites means that drugs used to attack the virus often als due damage to healthy cells and the body's natural defenses. The basic life cycle of an animla virus includes hijacking a host cell and reproducing until rupture, where the process continues in new host cells.
Most viruses can remain viable indefinitely outside a host, so the…. Reference CDC. In Chad, there are 6. Child mortality is a horrific problem in SSA: in 30 of the 47 countries the rate of child mortality is at least 1 in ten for children under 5 years of age. In Sierra Leone, for example out of every 1, children die before the age of five orld Bank data. Maternal health is a very serious problem in SSA; over thirty countries report more than mothers out of every , either die during pregnancy or during childbirth. There are some frighteningly stark numbers among those 30 countries; to wit, in Sierra….
Works Cited Franklin, Thomas. United Nations. World Bank. AIDS and Politics in African Aside from Malaria and other life threatening diseases, AIDS constitutes one of the major concerns within the African continent. Political participation in matters as serious as this cannot go without being noticed. The politics of Aids however is not limited to government and political entities and neither does it emanate from Africa alone. The participation of such…. C: Population Reference Bureau, Nurses Do? Many people, tropical countries Third World, die preventable, curable diseases.
Malaria, Of the many challenges related to providing adequate health care in nations that are still developing, one of the most prominent is the fact that in many instances cases of both preventable and curable diseases such as tuberculosis are not sufficiently reported WHO, , p. Without reporting that an individual is infected or even possibly infected by this particular malady or others, it is extremely difficult to provide the sort of remedy that could prevent such a disease from being fatal. In developing nations, there are a number of places in which communication is strained due to the fact that these locations are remote or are in parts of the world in which advancements in information technology such as mobile devices and the internet have not fully penetrated.
Thus, one of the critical…. References Crisp, N. Global supply of health professionals. New England Journal of Medicine. For a country such as Uganda to possess sufficient health care is tremendously important to the people of the republic of Uganda. Even triumphant medical treatment for malaria can involve pain through injections of drugs and in the entire period of recuperating after the administration of the drugs. Furthermore, nervousness may crop up, threat and unavoidably a lot of money. The final thing a parent of a sick child suffering from malaria in a hospital needs to believe about is how he or she is actually going to pay out for all the costs encountered or the billing.
In an ideal world, as a substitute of distressing about money, a patient or a mother or a father of a kid who is suffering from malaria should be focused on getting well or consoling the sick child respectively. Nonetheless, the entire subject of health cover can be puzzling Trisha, , p. References Akhtar, R ed. JOB: Case analysis Problem Identification: Malaria is a killer in many parts of the world and it specifically affects a large population of young children around the globe. I need to write a report that would inform the public about the threat that malaria poses to lives and health of millions of people who due to lack of better health facilities and treatment are dying unnecessarily. These lives could have been protected had better services been available to these people.
Bill Gates foundation has undertaken the task of reaching out to this underprivileged population globally. I need to write a report which can be downloaded from the website but before they do so, I need them to know about the significance of the report so the people wouldn't download it without knowing what it contains. Since people from various walks of life visit the Bill Gates foundation website, I am…. Along the way, scholarly resources such as books, peer-reviewed journal articles and reputable websites will be used to create or support the opinions or answers given.
The three questions that will be answered will include what basic types of healthcare everyone should have access to and why, a choice from thirteen risk factors that impact infectious disease and a recitation of how nurses can play a part in one or more of the millennium development goals MDG set forth for global health. Healthcare as a ight The first essay question asks what types and forms of healthcare should be a given and a right to everyone regardless…. References Carlton, E. Regional disparities in the burden of disease attributable to unsafe water and poor sanitation in China. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 90 8 , Breaking obert's ules B , Susskind emphasizes the value that a good facilitator can add in helping a group reach the best possible outcomes using the consensus-based approach.
Looking back at the Bullard or Harborco negotiation, how might a neutral facilitator have added value? A neutral facilitator would have better able to ascertain the desires of both sides of the argument. The consensus based approach is most prominent when both sides can discuss grievances without a bias methodology from the facilitator. The facilitator using a consensus based approach must encourage careful thought and collaboration amongst all parties involved. Biases could negatively impact the consensus based approach as one party may feel alienated or defensive. The other party meanwhile will believe themselves to have a negotiation advantage and attempt more benefits.
These aspects would ultimately hinder the negotiation as both sides will be unable to arrive at a legitimate consensus regarding their…. References: 1 Graham, John , "The Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiations in Industrial Marketing," Journal of Business Research, 14, Prospects of a brighter future for Cote d'Lvoire Cote d' Lvoire has finally recovered from a decade old socio-political crisis which plagued it from This crisis hindered the almost all efforts in attaining the Millennium Development Goals MDG. The MDG indicators have shown a decrement in performance over the past years. Now growth is on its way and relations are being established with international financial institutions. The MDG goals will be attained by the latest via the National Development Plan which has been enforced by Ivorian government World Bank, Situation of the MDGs in Cote d'Ivoire The case for MDG's in Cote d'Lvoire Birth of MDG indicators: A short introduction According to MDG's, it's clear that there has been delay in eradication against poverty and education sector, gender discrimination in education, lack of women empowerment, child and mother health to name a few.
The only work done…. References AfDB The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa. Market Brief, 20 April , AfDB. AfDB, OECD and UNECA African Economic Outlook Paris: OECD. AfDB, OECD, UNDP and UNECA Berg, Andrew, Pedro Conceicao, Ayodele Odusola et al. Enhancing Development Assistance to Africa: Lessons from Scaling- Up Scenarios. New York: IMF. Prevention and Control of the Flu The flu is a serious illness but one of its great advantages is that a vaccine does exist to contain its spread and prevent or at least mitigate its symptoms. The flu is a virus and available antiviral medications like Tamiflu are not as effective as treating, for example, a bacterial infection with an antibiotic. The most effective method of treating the flu is to not get it at all -- which is why vaccination is so essential.
However, even flu vaccinations are not particularly effective on a seasonal basis: "A flu virus mutates at an exceptionally high rate as it reproduces, and some mutations will change the tips of the surface proteins. The amount of time for symptoms to appear differs depending on the form of the parasite. Those infected with Plasmodium falciparum experience symptoms after about twenty-four hours, those infected with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale produce symptoms after a forty-eight hour interval, and after seventy-two hours Plasmodium malariae begin causing fever and chills Cann, Most malaria cases seem to cluster in the tropical climate areas extending into the subtropics, and malaria is especially endemic in Africa.
In eighty percent of all reported cases were in Africa, while the remainder of most cases came from nine countries: India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. Globally, the disease circulates in almost one hundred countries causing up to 1,, deaths annually Cann, Because there is no definite cure for malaria, scientists are trying their hardest to contain the parasite to where it now exists. The range of a vector from a suitable habitat is fortunately limited to a maximum of two miles Cann, If this were the only factor, scientist would have no problem containing the disease. Humans migrate, however, and over time the disease has slowly spread throughout the tropics. Major problems also exist when ignorant tourists to Africa transfer the parasite to non malarious areas Graham, Biologists are also using control measures, such as spraying DDT to kill mosquitoes, draining stagnant water, and using the widespread use of nets to contain the mosquito itself Herman, Because of the worsening situation, the World Health Organization WHO declared malaria control to be a global priority Limited Imagination, Although limiting the spread of malaria is not easy, finding a cure has presented several problems in recent years.
One main reason finding a cure for malaria is so hard is that different strains in different parts of the world require different drugs, all of which soon lose their effectiveness as the parasite evolves resistance to them Limited Imagination, Secondly, once the parasite enters the human bloodstream, it changes form several times inside the body, making it an elusive target for the immune system Cann, In the past several decades, scientists have developed many drugs that have all fallen victim to the resistance of the Plasmodium parasites. Such drugs include chloroquine, pyrimethamine, chloroguanide, desipramine, halofantrine, mefloquine, and arteether Herman, Scientists too often find their drugs effectiveness wearing off as malarial parasites build tolerance to them Graham, order now.
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